The St. Louis River Estuary is a unique, 12,000-acre wetland complex between Duluth, MN and Superior, WI. Here water from the St. Louis River mixes with the water from Lake Superior, producing conditions that result in an incredible amount of biological productivity. Numerous species of fish, birds, and other wildlife depend on the Estuary for their survival.
The Estuary also includes the Duluth Superior Harbor, mid-America’s gateway to global trade and the nation’s busiest freshwater harbor. More than a quarter million residents and 3.5 million tourists live, work and visit the area every year.
Over a dozen local, state and federal entities are involved in the recovery of the St. Louis River. Partners in restoration include the City of Duluth, Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, 1854 Treaty Authority, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and many more.
Jump to the projects:
- Radio Tower Bay & Manoomin Restoration
- Chambers Grove—Supporting Walleye & Sturgeon
- Grassy Point—Supporting Migrating Shorebirds
- The St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail Designation
- Interstate Island—Restoring Habitat for the Threatened Common Tern
- Perch Lake—Connecting Waters for Fish & Marsh Bird Habitat
Will you help us restore more of the St. Louis River Estuary?
Partner with the Minnesota Land Trust by making a donation today.
Early History of the St. Louis River
The St. Louis River Estuary region is the contemporary and ancestral home of the Ojibwe people, who began migrating from the east coast around 900 CE following a prophecy to travel west until they arrived at the place where “food grew on water.”
At one time the St. Louis River Estuary may have held over 3,000 acres of manoomin (wild rice) within its shallow bays. By 2015 wild rice was detected in less than .2 acres in the Estuary according to hyperspectral mapping conducted by NOAA. This represented a sharp decline from the 1960s when nearly 1,000 acres was documented.
The St. Louis River also provided a vital transportation route for traders and trappers, helping connect the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River to the west, and Lake Vermillion and the Rainy River to the north, expanding trade among Native Americans as well as Europeans beginning in the mid-1600s.
European Settlement in the Lake Superior Region
The 1860s saw the acceleration of the timber industry in northern Minnesota, and with it development along the St. Louis River. Sawmills left a legacy of waste deposited directly into the river, forming thick layers of sawdust and wood debris.
During the 1900s more industrial sites were built along the river, producing paint, steel, concrete and even World War II battleships. Many of these industries participated in unregulated chemical dumping, untreated sewage releases and other harmful practices that finally overwhelmed the natural ecosystem and environmentally-sensitive manoomin beds throughout the Estuary.
By this time the St. Louis River was so polluted that people were advised to stay out of the water and avoid eating the fish. The St. Louis River was finally designated an Area of Concern (AOC) under the 1987 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. It is the second largest U.S.-based AOC and one of 31 U.S.-based AOCs across the Great Lakes.
Bringing Back a River
The St. Louis River Estuary has seen a remarkable turnaround thanks in part to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resource’s St. Louis River Restoration Initiative, which the Land Trust has been a part of since 2010. One of the key components of the initiative has been to restore the natural systems of the St. Louis River where it enters Lake Superior, and creating opportunities for people to engage with the river in a sustainable and healthy way.
St. Louis River Estuary Restoration Projects Map
Click or tap the purple points on the interactive map below to learn more about the Minnesota Land Trust restoration project at that location.
Radio Tower Bay: Manoomin Restoration
Project Timeline: 2011–2016
From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, Radio Tower Bay was the site of an historic saw milling operation constructed on pilings over the water. Much of the sawdust and slab-wood from the milling operation ended up on the bottom of the bay, negatively impacting fish habitat and making the bay all but useless for fishing or paddling.
The Minnesota Land Trust, in partnership with the Minnesota DNR, oversaw the clean-up and habitat restoration at Radio Tower Bay, including removing over two-hundred 40-foot wood pilings from the 1700s and 1800s that supported a railroad trestle across the bay. Next, over four feet of sawmill debris was dredged from the bottom of the bay, most of it still intact wood.
A total of 115,000 cubic yards of wood waste was removed. The wood waste was repurposed to help mitigate pollution by capping contaminated soil further downstream on the St. Louis River. With the cleanup completed, aquatic vegetation is expected to re-establish and restore food sources, inviting a variety of birds, fish, and invertebrates back to the bay. The work also restored off-channel fish and coastal wetland habitat, wild rice beds, and recreation opportunities.
A portion of the funding for this project was provided by Minnesota’s Outdoor Heritage Fund as appropriated by the Minnesota State Legislature and recommended by the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council (LSOHC).
Manoomin Restoration 2015–2025
In partnership with the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, 1854 Treaty Authority, Minnesota DNR and Wisconsin DNR, a multi-year manoomin reseeding and management effort is ongoing until 2025 at seven sites in the Estuary covering over 200 acres.
This work involves site preparation to reduce competition from nearby vegetation, seeding and further management to protect the vulnerable beds from grazing by geese and waves from motorized watercraft. It’s the largest ongoing reseeding project in the United States.
Chambers Grove: Supporting Walleye & Sturgeon
Project Timeline: 2014–2016
Extensive improvements to Chambers Grove, Duluth’s western-most park, were completed as part of the larger project to restore the 12,000-acre St. Louis River Estuary between Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin.
The Minnesota Land Trust, Minnesota DNR and City of Duluth recognized the opportunity to replace the hardened shoreline—including a 1,000-foot steel retaining wall—with natural shoreline.
The unintended consequence of the steel-beam retaining wall was shoreline erosion, preventing boat access to the river, and destruction of important fish spawning habitat.
The natural shoreline includes three in-water weir structures to redirect the water flow from the river bank to the channel center to support walleye and sturgeon spawning. Small gains in spawning habitat like this has an outsized impact on fish populations throughout the river and Lake Superior by increasing the rate of larvae and fry survival.
The project also improved recreational access to the river. With the installation of an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)-compliant kayak launch and six ADA-compliant fishing platforms along the shoreline, Chambers Grove is now accessible to even more people.
A portion of the funding for this project was provided by Minnesota’s Outdoor Heritage Fund as appropriated by the Minnesota State Legislature and recommended by the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council (LSOHC).
Grassy Point: Supporting Migrating Shorebirds
Project Timeline: 2021–2022
Jutting out into the St. Louis River in Duluth’s West End is Grassy Point. Historically, two sawmills operated here, depositing an equivalent of more than 30,000 dump truck loads of sawdust and scrap lumber into the shallow waters. Now more than 120 years later the habitat is still considered impaired, and without intervention will continue to be an underwater wasteland.
The Minnesota DNR removed 170,000 cubic yards (75 acres) of wood waste; removed or buried old sawmill pilings, and removed 15 acres of non-native vegetation and constructed natural coastal marsh features like a sheltered bay and low island.
As a project partner, the Minnesota Land Trust worked with biologists to add native aquatic, wetland, and floodplain plants to provide habitat for marsh birds and songbirds. The Land Trust also added forest species on an 11-acre island and built 20 acres of diverse marsh habitat.
The restoration work resulted in a shallow, sheltered bay and deep overwintering fish habitat, a softened and naturalized shoreline, improved habitat for forest and marsh bird species, the connection of isolated wetlands and improved water flow, and increased access for kayaks, canoes, and small boats.
A portion of the funding for this project was provided by Minnesota’s Outdoor Heritage Fund as appropriated by the Minnesota State Legislature and recommended by the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council (LSOHC).
St. Louis River Estuary National Water Trail Designation
Project Timeline: 2017–2020
In October 2020 the St. Louis River Estuary was officially designated a National Water Trail by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior. The designation would have been impossible without the extensive restoration work done in the Estuary.
The Minnesota Land Trust worked with the City of Duluth to develop the vision around the St. Louis River National Water Trail, connect stakeholders to create the plan, and complete and submit the application for the official designation.
The National Water Trails System, part of the National Park Service, connects people to nature.
Interstate Island: Restoring Habitat for the Threatened Common Tern
Project Timeline: 2019–2023
Located in the Duluth-Superior Harbor, Interstate Island is a 6-acre dredge spoil island that began disappearing under dramatically rising water levels starting in 2015.
The increasingly submerged island meant that endangered common terns were at risk of losing critical nesting grounds. The Interstate Island restoration project restored the largest common tern nesting colony in the Lake Superior Watershed.
- By fall 2020, woody vegetation had been removed from the island and the tern nesting area was raised by 3-4 feet.
- Additional protection was added for the vulnerable nests, including an upgraded permanent perimeter fence and rock berm.
- The areas of the island subject to flooding were elevated, expanding the island from 2.5 acres to 6.7 acres of viable habitat during extreme high-water levels, and 8.7 acres during ordinary high-water periods.
- Expanding the island’s footprint added 1,000 feet of shoreline to the island.
- Planting three areas of the island with low-growing native vegetation, like beach grass, to help slow wind erosion and support the migrating shorebirds.
A portion of the funding for this project was provided by Minnesota’s Outdoor Heritage Fund as appropriated by the Minnesota State Legislature and recommended by the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council (LSOHC).
Perch Lake: Connecting Waters for Fish and Marsh Bird Habitat
Project Timeline: July 2022–to present
Formerly a bay of the St. Louis River, Perch Lake was all but cutoff from its source for the last 100 years after a railroad and bridge were constructed to support industry on the river in the late 1800s. As a result, the water became almost uninhabitable for fish and other species.
Today, Perch Lake can quite literally breathe again thanks to the efforts of the Land Trust and our partners. The $7 million restoration effort is part of the St. Louis River Restoration Initiative and a St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC) project.
What we did:
- Removed Approximately 72,000 cubic yards of sediment from the lake floor—that’s over 5,100 dump trucks’ worth—to deepen the lake, providing a refuge for fish during the coldest winter and hottest summer months.
- Installed a new 16 x 12 foot culvert to improve water circulation between Perch Lake and the St. Louis River, increasing oxygen levels, and making the lake more accessible to fish as well as small boats.
- Added fish spawning habitat for bluegill and black crappie.
- Improved marsh habitat for shorebirds like the Virginia rail (pictured below) and sora by adding diverse native plants.
As the many species that are part of the ecosystem at Perch Lake return, it will again become vibrant with birds including waterfowl; big gamefish like walleye; keystone species like sturgeon (pictured below), and even beavers (pictured below) and muskrat. And all of this will be accessible to area anglers and birders as well as kayaks, canoes, and other small watercraft traveling the St. Louis River National Water Trail.
Read more about this restoration project at the Duluth News Tribune, September 2023 and July 2024. For full-sized images and captions, click or tap below.
This project was made possible with funding by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Minnesota’s Outdoor Heritage Fund as appropriated by the Minnesota State Legislature and recommended by the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council (LSOHC).
Will you help us restore more of the St. Louis River Estuary?
Partner with the Minnesota Land Trust by making a donation today.
